Late Antiquity, Catacomes Research Paper Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1000 words

Late Antiquity, Catacomes - Research Paper Example In each sort of religion, it is pervasive that individuals give a lot of consideration to the tombs of their own religion. A few history specialists have given top to bottom consideration to the purpose for the attack and making of this sort of strict craftsmanship. Their decisions show the development of this idea to have ejected as a route set out by the strict networks to rehearse their religion all the more without any problem. For example, Christianity was considered as an illicit religion during the second and third century (Ricciardi 991). Thus, to rehearse their ceremonies, they shaped an uncommon spot to perform underground internments; as per their convention. Afterward, when their religion got lawful status during 313 AD, their entombment parades hereafter moved from the mausoleums into the open circle. Since sepulchers were another and a totally different idea from the normally existing entombment procedures of the current age, numerous antiquarians and archeologists have indicated significant levels enthusiasm for their experience and artifact. Jorg Scheid, one of the archeologists from the United States has placed a significant work in this field. Scheid pointed looking at the state of the dead bodies that were hundreds of years sooner covered underground (Yeomans 59). His point, be that as it may, couldn't be effectively conveyed forward, since his burrowing was enormously hampered because of the way that a large number of the potential signs and signs, that could have in any case have been useful to evaluate the bodies and use tombs for old examination, were pulverized in past flames, flooding, earth tremors or other catastrophic events (Delgado 321). However, he could pick up his significant discoveries and base his perceptions basically on the remaining parts of the fabrics that were utilized for covering the dead bodies. A few archeologists equitably considered and attempted to watch the conditions and explanations for the harm of the dead bo dies and their demolished shapes. They made sense of that the dead bodies in the tombs under the Capuchin Monastery zone were held under a temperature of 25 degree Celsius; alongside a seriously muggy condition that went practically over 80 percent over the ordinary rate. This temperature the executives was demonstrated to be absolutely unsatisfactory and not perfect for keeping up or saving dead bodies; which was the significant explanation of making sepulchers. The individuals of past hundreds of years accepted to keep up the dead collections of their strict saints to be seen and glorified by the coming ages. In any case, the capacity conditions demonstrated incapable for the manageability and dependable upkeep of the catacomb’s dead bodies. However, the archeologists have revealed that specific dead bodies are preferred protected over the others. They guarantee them to have unrivaled in the strict acts of their age, and subsequently, were treated by the than individuals wi th deference after death and they were kept and saved with more consideration. These alleged tomb legends are for the most part found with huge measure of tissues despite everything existing inside their bodies; still un-deteriorated. Other than the gallant qualities or strict prevalence that was accepted by the archeologists to have been the significant explanation

My last farewell Essay

My Last Farewell (Mi Ultimo Adios) Goodbye, dear mother country, clime the sun caress’d, Ring of the Orient oceans, our Eden lost! Happily now I go to give thee this blurred life’s best, What's more, were it more splendid, fresher, or increasingly fortunate, Still would I give three, not consider the consequences. On the field of fight, ‘mid the free for all of battle, Others have given their lives, without question or beed; The spot not mattersâ€cypress or tree or lily white, Scafold or open plain, battle or martyrdom’s predicament, ‘Tis ever the equivalent, to serve our home and country’s need. I kick the bucket exactly when I see the sunrise break Despite the fact that the agony of night, to proclaim the day; What's more, if shading is deficient with regards to my blood thy shalt take, Pour’d out at requirement for they dear purpose, To color with its dark red the waking beam. My fantasies, when life initially opened to me, My fantasies when the expectations of youth beat high, Were to see thy lov’d face, O jewel of the Orient ocean, From unhappiness and misery, from care and distress free; No become flushed on thy forehead, no tear in thine eyes. Dream of my life, my living and deep yearning, All hail! Emergency the spirit that is presently to take battle; All hail! Furthermore, sweet it is for thee to terminate; To kick the bucket for thy purpose, that thou may’st yearn; Furthermore, rest in thy bloom eternity’s difficult night. In the event that over my grave sometime thou seest develop, In the green grass, an unassuming blossom, Attract to thy lips and kiss my spirit along these lines, While I feel in my forehead exposed tomb underneath The extreme of thy delicacy, thy breath’s warm force. Let the moon bar over me delicate and quiet, Let the day break shed over me its brilliant flashes, Let the breeze miserable regret over me sharp; What's more, if on my cross a flying creature ought to be seen, Let it thrill there is song of harmony to my throbs. Let the sun attract vapos up to the sky, What's more, heavenward in immaculateness bear my late dissent; Let some benevolent soul o’er my inopportune destiny murmur, Also, in the as yet evening a petition be lifted on high From that point, O my nation, that in God I may rest. Appeal to God for every one of those that hapless have passed on, For all who have endured the unmeasr’d torment; For our moms that sharply their hardships have cried; For widows and vagrants, for hostages by torment attempted; And afterward for thyself that recovery thou mayst gain. Also, when the dull night folds the burial ground over, With just the dead in their vigil to see; Break not my rest of thy riddle significant, What's more, perchance thou mayst bear a dismal psalm resonate; ‘Tis I, O my nation, bringing up a tune unto thee. When even my elegance is recollected no more, Unmark’d by never a cross not a stone; Let the furrow move through it, the spade turn it o’er, That my remains may cover thy natural floor, Before into nothingness finally they are blown. At that point will blankness present to me no mind, As over thy ridges and fields I clear; Pulsating and rinsed in thy space and air, With shading and light, with melody and regret I toll, Ever rehashing the confidence I keep. My mother country ador’d, that trouble to my distress loans, Adored Filipino, hear now my last farewell! I give thee all; guardians and related companions; For I go where no slave before the oppressor twists, Where confidence can never slaughter, and God rules e’er on high! Goodbye to all, from my spirit torn away, Companions of my adolescence in the home seized! Express gratefulness that I rest from the wearisome day! Goodbye to thee, as well, sweet companion that helped my direction; Darling animals all, goodbye! In death there is rest!

The Moment I Chose Illinois

The Moment I Chose Illinois Tis the season for committing to the university of your dreams! In the next few weeks, those of you who have applied early to Illinois will hear back from the admissions committee about the status of your application. This is a cumulative moment of all the hard work you have put in during your four years of high school, and let me tell you, I experienced so many emotions during this time. I considered a few factors when choosing which school I’d attend, so read ahead and gain some insight on how to choose your next four years. Opportunities This is a broad term, but by opportunities, I mean the accessibility to different majors, minors, and fields of study, various organizations, and experiences outside the typical course rigor. Illinois offers all of this. From accountancy to urban studies and planning, UIUC offers so many majors to choose from. Check out the Illinois admissions website to research more on this. Additionally, Illinois has over 1,500 registered student organizations (RSOs) on campus, so it is not surprising to see most students involved in after-school organizations, events, and meetings. Courtesy of Daily Illini Location Illinois is in a unique location because it offers a small town/campus-town feeling, while also being accessible to the Chicago metropolitan area. I love the campus vibes, and my favorite thing is when the seasons change. The campus itself is so beautiful, it’s a sight to see! Courtesy of Daily Illini Academic Strength Illinois is known as the flagship institution in the state of Illinois, and this is mainly because of the strong academic rigor the university instills in each and every student. In my experience, I’ve had countless professors who have made a positive impact in my life and made me want to learn more about my profession and field of study. Strong faculty is important when considering a school because, ultimately, you are here to study and gain enriching knowledge, and having exceptional faculty guarantees that experience! These are the three main factors I considered when I chose Illinois. While these are just a few, weigh the pros and cons of each school that is being considered and find the best fit for you. Choosing Illinois four years ago was one of the best decisions I ever made, and I hope you all find UIUC, or whichever school you decide to attend, an inspiring experience like I did. Kripa Class of 2020 I'm majoring in Psychology, minoring in Spanish, and pursuing a pre-dental track. It seems like I’m all over the place, but that’s what I like about college! I get to choose to study what I’m interested in, and I’m happy to be doing just that at Illinois.

The Human Mind And Act Of William Shakespeare s Macbeth

Alycia Tiberio Choice is often taken for granted in today s society. People are given the opportunity to make a choice, but is this choice an act of free will, or simply an act of fate and manipulation? In the play Macbeth, Shakespeare suggests that choices are a creation of the human mind and act as a way for people to feel as though they have control when they are ultimately ruled by fate. He accomplishes this by leading the audience through a series of choices that several characters make and how they eventually meet their fate, specifically Macbeth himself. Although other characters make choices that aid Macbeth in his destiny, Macbeth s Shakespeare shows the audience that no amount of force will cause change fate. As the play progresses, the audience watches Macbeth as he desperately tries to stay in control of his life and keep his power. His desperation causes Macbeth to believe that the only way for him to stay in control is to take fate into his own hands. When Macbeth becomes king he is somewhat pleased that the weird sister’s prophecy was correct, but he also begins to worry that Banquo’s prophecy will also come true. â€Å"To make then kings, the seed of Banquo kings! Rather than so, come fate into the list, and champion me to th’ utterance, (3.1.69-71).† This quote shows that Macbeth refuses to allow this fated ending to occur. He challenges fate and decides that the only way he can be guaranteed that all of his efforts will not be for the sons of Banquo is toShow MoreRelatedEnglish Feature article on Shakespears Macbeth with reference to both play and Polanskis adaptation. Title: Windows changed through time.1199 Words   |  5 Pageschanged through time. A way to see the world through different eyes... In late 1606 or early 1607, The last of Shakespeare s four great tragedies was written. Macbeth has been said by many to be Shakespeare s darkest work, A Reflection through Shakespeare s mind giving us a window into Elizabethan ways of politics, Human violence and Human nature. Quiet relevantly Shakespeare would never have guessed that over 400 years later the basic morals and characteristics that were used to shapeRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth 1363 Words   |  6 PagesMacbeth is without a doubt one of the most captivating plays, in my opinion written by William Shakespeare. Throughout this play there is definitely a numerous amount of things that can catch your attention, whether it is a trio of witches appearing, committing murder, or keeping secrets. However, what really catches my attention is the way Shakespeare uses language and unique style to create a distinct mood, and reveal characters’ inner thoughts. In the play Macbeth written by William ShakespeareRead MoreMacbeth Themes899 Words   |  4 Pages â€Å"What are the major themes in Macbeth† By Connor Maguire William Shakespeare’s Macbeth a play complete with many themes and viewpoints. The themes are exhibited by the main characters of the play, notably antagonist Macbeth. Themes seen in the play include ambition, where is is portrayed as both dangerous and unnatural. However, it does exist in both good and evil forms in the play. Another theme seen is whether Macbeths actions in the play are a result of fate, or free will. Although outsideRead MoreMacbeth Appearance Vs Reality1747 Words   |  7 Pageswriter, William Shakespeare may have an answer in his play, Macbeth. The way individuals follow-up (act) on the outside and who they truly are within might be two entirely unexpected things. Some may change since they feel they do not fit in while others put on a show to be someone they are not. Regardless of which way one looks at it, if an individual attempt to be someone he is not, his reality will eventually show up at last. This is precisely what occurs in William Shakespeare s play, Macbeth. ViaRead MoreWho Should You Trust?1543 Words   |  7 PagesTrust Issue in Macbeth â€Å"Fair is foul, and foul is fair. Hover through the fog and filthy air.† (Page 323). This line is one of the most important ones from Macbeth. Macbeth is one the most popular plays by William Shakespeare. Moss and Wilson state, â€Å"Some details of William Shakespeare s life are still shrouded in uncertainty. What is known is that he rose to prominence as a playwright in London toward the end of the sixteenth century and that he died on April 23, 1616. He wrote Macbeth sometime betweenRead MoreAmbition and Death - the Story of the Renaissance in Macbeth1189 Words   |  5 PagesRenaissance in Macbeth In the tragic drama Macbeth, written by William Shakespeare in 1606 during the English Renaissance, the hero, Macbeth, constantly declines in his level of morality until his death at the end of the play. Because of his change of character from good to evil, Macbeth s attitude towards other characters, specifically Duncan, Banquo, Lady Macbeth, and the witches, is significantly affected. In a larger sense, the theme of bad versus good kingship, embodied by Macbeth and DuncanRead MoreWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth, Othello, And King Lear1479 Words   |  6 PagesWilliam Shakespeare s Macbeth, was the last of four great tragedies, including Hamlet, Othello, and King Lear, written during the Elizabethan Era. Herbert Courson states the play as, â€Å" â€Å"a powerful even for the mature Shakespeare. [which]... demands that we share its experience intensely, that we fell the strength of Macbeth’s thirst for kingship, the force of Lady Macbeth’s persuasions, the anguish of Macbeth’s struggle before the murder, and the impact of nature’s retribution after the murder†Read MoreEssay on Images, Imagery, Symbols, and Symbolism in Macbeth1723 Words   |  7 Pagesand Symbolism in Macbeth  Ã‚     Ã‚  Ã‚   With its eye-opening plot and interesting cast of characters, William Shakespeare’s play, Macbeth is one of the greatest works one could ever read. But, above all, the aspect of the play is most impressive and overwhelming with imagery and symbolism that Shakespeare so brilliantly uses. Throughout the play, the author depicts various types of imagery and symbolism instances that, eventually, lead to the downfall of the main character, Macbeth.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Read MoreEssay on The Pent-up Guilt in Macbeth1720 Words   |  7 PagesThe Pent-up Guilt in Macbeth      Ã‚  Ã‚   There is hardly any emotion in William Shakespeares tragedy Macbeth that outweighs that of guilt. Both Lady Macbeth and Macbeth are seriously compromised by the impact of this emotion.    Clark and Wright in their Introduction to The Complete Works of William Shakespeare explain how guilt impacts Lady Macbeth:    Having sustained her weaker husband, her own strength gives way; and in sleep, when her will cannot control her thoughts, she is piteouslyRead MoreBlood Imagery in Macbeth857 Words   |  4 PagesShakespeare is legendary for his uses of symbolism. No other example is as evident as the bloody hands of Macbeth and his obsession with them. Macbeth has killed King Duncan and doesn’t stop there, he kills the guards making Duncan’s sons flee. This gives Macbeth the throne. However he becomes overwhelmed with the guilt. Shakespeare uses blood to show how it reminds Macbeth of the violent acts he has committed and how he has become obsessed with the blood on his hands. Initially the blood represents

The Issue Of Human Trafficking - 2654 Words

According to the UNDOC, human trafficking is the acquisition of people by illegal means such as force, fraud, deception, abduction or coercion for the purpose of exploiting them. This vice is one of the main international policy concerns of the 21st century that is spreading at an alarming rate. Often, human trafficking is confused with human migration and smuggling even though the three terms are completely different. Unlike human trafficking, human migration and smuggling involves migration/transportation of peoplewith their consent, and the main agenda for theirtransportation/migration is not based on exploitation. This research paper will explore the issue of human trafficking, look at its causes, effects, how it can be prevented and†¦show more content†¦These are scary figures, especially considering the fact that the figures do not account for the number of persons trafficked within their own countries. Majority of the human trafficking victims are duped into the vice by the false promises made regarding to job opportunities. This is very common especially in the developing countries or the so-called third world countries, where the level of poverty is extremely high. Sources indicate that a significant number of women who are trafficked from these countries are lured into this trade using false marriage as the bait. In the developed countries such as USA, most of the human trafficking cases are related to sexual purposes. According to a study that was conducted on this topic in the country, more than 40% of all the human trafficking investigations in the USA are related to sexual trafficking of a child and roughly 80% of such cases involve United States citizens. It is estimated that more than 17,500 persons are trafficked into the USA from foreign countries and the number of US citizens trafficked in the country is even higher. Statistics from the US state department indicates that women and girls are the main victims of human trafficking beca use they account for about 80% of all trafficking.This confirms that human trafficking is not just a problem in the developing countries, but also to the

The Marvels of Intellect and Creativity Free Essays

Several ideas and images sprang to our mind when the name Leonardo da Vinci is mentioned. Most people associate it with famous artworks such as Mona Lisa and The Last Supper while some equate the name to the scholastic concept of the Renaissance man. Numerous accounts demonstrated Leonardo’s contribution in the field of arts and sciences, thus his name become an archetype of a genius. We will write a custom essay sample on The Marvels of Intellect and Creativity or any similar topic only for you Order Now He fascinated the world with his advanced ideas and creative imaginations; moreover, he provided his successors with knowledge and guidelines through his discoveries and achievements. Through his intellect and creativity, Leonardo da Vinci portrayed a significant role in the evolution of modern civilizations. Leonardo da Vinci was born at the dawn of the Renaissance period. The 14th to 16th century was an interesting borderline of the Dark Ages and the Enlightenment Period that inspired Leonardo’s curiosity and observation. The Italian society in his youth was characterized by people with enthusiastic interest in learning and humanism. The concept of humanism during the Renaissance was described by Alfred Burns as â€Å"the growing self-awareness expressed in new styles in art and architecture and in the search for the vanishing intellectual treasures of an idealized classical age† (197). The promotion of humanism and self-awareness brought questions and disagreement in various aspects of society. On the other hand, the pursuance for art and architecture was supported and financed by art patrons, thus ingenious artists were recognized during the Italian Renaissance. One of the recognized advocates of art during the Italian Renaissance was Lorenzo de Medici, who became famous for making Florence a â€Å"community of pleasure† (Taylor 25). Leonardo’s interest in the arts was favored by his time for he was given the opportunity to work with the greatest artists of his era. He worked as an apprentice for Verrocchio and later on he was admitted to be a part of the Guild of Painters (Brown and Rankin 212). His early artworks were commissioned by patrons belonging to religious groups; therefore, it basically consisted of religious icons and commemorative art pieces. The early part of Leonardo’s professional life was spent in Milan, where he worked in the court of Ludovico, duke of Milan. There, he gained extensive experiences and technical skills in designing for the court’s lavish events and occasions. Rachel Taylor used to describe that â€Å"when the wave of Renaissance was crescent in Italy, the powers were five – Florence, Naples, Venice, Rome and Milan – all jealous and splendid† (99). Therefore the city’s excellence also marked Leonardo’s preeminence. During his stay in the court of the duke, he documented his learning and experiences in the field of architecture and engineering by compiling writings and detailed drawings of his designs and ideas. The so-called compilations, which are also referred to as the notebooks and manuscripts, reflected his inquisitive attitude towards the governing principles of matter and knowledge. Aside from Leonardo’s court duties, two of his significant art pieces, the Horse and the Last Supper, were also completed during his stay in the court of Milan. At the fall of the Duke’s power over Milan, Leonardo found his way back to Florence. Not long after this, he worked for Cesare Borgia, a political figure in Italy, as a military architect and engineer (Brown and Rankin 212). Taylor suggested in her book that Cesare’s policies implicated death and violence (350), thus Leonardo considered his return to Florence to work for other patrons. Upon his arrival, he was commissioned to paint the Battle of Anghiari and later on he started working on the famous Mona Lisa. Subsequently, he again visited Milan to work for the French king and according to Brown and Rankin, it was â€Å"a period when he influenced Milanese painting even more than during his early residence there† (212). He moved to Rome and stayed in the Vatican to work for the Pope and later on, he spent his time traveling to various places in Italy. He settled in France, where he spent his last days â€Å"attended by loving friends and at peace, in his chateau of Cloux, near Amboise† (Brown and Rankin 212). The grandeur of Leonardo’s time witnessed the complex transition of the Western civilization. The notion of enlightenment favored and nurtured the formation of Leonardo’s genius, and in return, he endorsed the acknowledgement for man’s potential and power of reason. Various fields of knowledge that benefited from his achievements would include the realms of art, engineering, architecture, mathematics, physics, optics, human anatomy, ornithology and aerodynamics. The Renaissance and its distinguished figures changed and influenced the culture that was formed and influenced by the ancient Greeks and Romans. The society’s classic approach of simply approving or rejecting developing doctrines and customs evolved into a modernistic method that involved analysis and critical thinking. The Enlightenment Period, together with the fame of Humanism, paved the way to scientific revolution. The intellectual reformation is considered as one of the significant events in our history for it influenced and provoked the â€Å"general mind to be more and more preoccupied with the larger problems beyond, which the new knowledge has brought fully into view† (Kidd 1). The transformation was a progressive step to a higher form of learning that encompassed the political, social, economic and religious principles of Western civilization. The propagation of self awareness and modern thinking brought positive and negative changes in the economic and social aspects of the Western civilization. The recognition of artists and notable scholars, as depicted by the fame of Leonardo da Vinci, influenced the flow of trade and commerce. In European countries like Italy, cities such as Florence, Milan and Naples flourished. On the other hand, the method of tax collection was implemented to supervise the increase in trade goods. Movements that aimed for learning and education produced interesting theories and assumptions that motivated man’s quest for truth and expansion of his horizons. The Age of Enlightenment recognized critical thinkers who became famous for contemplating and debating about avant-garde ideas (Hudson 21). Scholars and critical thinkers guided and initiated modern discoveries, inventions and innovations that improved the economy of the Western world. Moreover, political and religious controversies also emerged at the advent of scientific and critical thinking. In Europe, several ranks of power emerged in the form of monarchs, spiritual leaders, merchants and tradesmen, scholars and artisans. The period of enlightenment and the succeeding years depicted a sweeping portrayal of political and religious reformation. The concept of religion was separated from politics because of the humanist principle, which differentiate the distinct boundary between human and divine control. Humanist beliefs and principles intensified but were not universally accepted; therefore it was attacked by counter-arguments that justify the role of idealistic and religious attitudes towards politics. These contrasting views and beliefs about politics and its religious connections were highlighted in the works and theories of several Renaissance philosophers. The Age of Enlightenment introduced several Renaissance Men, who individually imparted significant marvels of intellect and creativity. And as stated by William Hudson, it was as if â€Å"their lives opened itself out to them in all its vast and varied possibilities and they were eager to enter into their great heritage† (7). There are several names from the Renaissance Age that surfaced in the course of evolution and transition of the Western civilization, but the fame of Leonardo da Vinci soared higher than the other for he exhibited exceptional qualities and eccentric fancies. The interesting and unique fusion of excellence in two exclusive areas of knowledge – the arts and sciences, was depicted by his accomplishments as a rational scientist and mystical artist. Leonardo’s paintings and art contributions were highly popular but it is interesting to note that â€Å"there only remain six of his authentic paintings, and two of them were unfinished† (qtd. in Brown and Rankin 211). His study of perspective, examination of proportion and analysis of light and shade were fundamentals of innovative and modern arts. Sketches and details of his fascinating interests were accounted in several of his notebooks entrusted at various European libraries and museums. Some of his notes reflected the complex and controversial topic of dissection, which enlightened basic issues concerning human anatomy. He declared various assertions in human proportion, one of these was his citation that â€Å"the span of a man’s outstretched arms is also equal to his height† (qtd in MacCurdy 217). He delved into unacceptable domains of his time by studying human cadavers in order to understand the unknown; moreover, his philosophy and skepticism reflected the rise of scientific thinking from the unexplained. Scientific observations of his surroundings were recorded together with his theoretical assertions and it anchored the essentials for the study of Botany and Geology. His technical experiences in the field of engineering and physics, together with the application of scientific principles contributed to the development of Western technology. Some of these contributions included his experiences in building war engines, works specializing with hydraulics, and discoveries of possible energy sources. He also provided avant-garde theories in mathematics that foretell the discoveries of modern researchers (Brown and Rankin 211). Leonardo portrayed in his manuscripts an intense fervor for aviation, which was primarily influenced by apparent observation of birds. He documented several notes containing his interest with flight and he called it the â€Å"Treatise on Birds† (qtd. in MacCurdy 211), which he divided into four parts. He continued on studying birds consequently influencing the birth of Ornithology; and at the same time, he persisted on propagating ideas about the flying machine thus providing rough beginnings for Aerodynamics. The quest for knowledge in a creative approach delineates Leonardo da Vinci in a civilization situated between the borderline of savagery and enlightenment. His accomplishments in understanding and in attempting to understand the unknown through scientific approach enhanced the basic political and cultural principles influencing a society. His triumph was earned through the synthesis of intellect and creativity, which encompassed the multiplicity of human civilization. Works Cited Brown, Alice V., and William Rankin. A Short History of Italian Painting. London: J.M.   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Dent Sons, 1914. Burns, Alfred. The Power of the Written Word: The Role of Literacy in the History of   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Western Civilization. New York: Peter Lang, 1989. Hudson, William H. The Story of Renaissance. London: Casell, 1912. Kidd, Benjamin. The Principles of Western Civilization. New York: Macmillan Company,   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   1902. MacCurdy, Edward. The Notebooks of Leonardo Da Vinci (Volume 1). New York:   Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚  Ã‚   Reynal Hitchcock, 1938. Taylor, Rachel A. Leonardo the Florentine: A Study in Personality. London: Richards   Ã‚  Ã‚   Press, 1927.                                                                   How to cite The Marvels of Intellect and Creativity, Essay examples

Benefits and Challenges of Cloud Services

Question: Discuss about the Benefits and Challenges of Cloud Services. Answer: Introduction Cloud computing plays a great role in providing various advantages over the Smartphone applications and other technical advancements within the growing market place. This report is elaborating various benefits of cloud computing in this sector. Cloud Computing for Smartphone-like devices apps development and growing in the marketplace Benefits of cloud computing over Smartphone applications Cloud computing provides various benefits to the field of mobile applications of the Smartphone (Chandramouli, Iorga Chokhani, 2014). These applications make the operations and system functionalities easier with respect to the technical advancements as well as with respect to the user demands. Some of these advantages are elaborated in this report. These are explained as follows: Sharing of information: Previously the users needed improvised system architecture that is the hardware and software for sharing data and important information with the help of their mobile devices (El Amraoui Sethom, 2016). In contrast with this fact, in the contemporary times, the users dont need the complex architecture such as complex hardware and software for transferring their data and information. In spite of this, the cloud based smart phone applications made the system made these transfers easy and effective accordingly the contemporary scenario. Enhanced features and functionalities: New cloud applications are easy to operate the within the smart phones in order to maintain the effectiveness of the operations at present situation. In addition to this, enhanced features and functionalities of system provide more effectiveness to the users with respect to their demands and needs in the contemporary timing (Garg, Versteeg Buyya, 2013). The technical feasibility and effective functional options provided through the cloud computing applications in the smart phones enhances the speed of operations as well as this ensures about the accuracy of the results collected from the cloud computing applications. Ease of access: Cloud provide various kinds of access to the users as this provides private, public and protected services to the users. All of these access patterns are easy to be operated by the users (Kovatsch, Lanter Shelby, 2014). This accessing the process is not dependent on the place, time and other aspects related to the users applications. In addition to this, mostly the organization uses the private and protected features. Some cloud hosts provide the public access to their data in order to maintain its features. Broader reach of the users: Cloud features can be used globally that defines the effectiveness of the system architecture of the cloud computing approaches (Park Kim, 2014). In addition to this, there is various other technical feasibility analysis that ensures about the effectiveness of the cloud computing over smart phone applications. Cost effectiveness of the system architecture as well as the vendors: Now a days the cloud vendors are easily available and any organization or institute can utilize the cloud services within selective cost structure within their premises (Rodrguez-Garca et al., 2014). Challenges and benefits of SaaS Greentek is one application development organization that mainly deals with medical research and development aspects. In contrast with this fact, the organization wants to migrate their system architecture to the PaaS system of cloud system (Sunyaev Schneider, 2013). In contrast with this fact, there are various challenges as well as various benefits involved in this migration process. These challenges and benefits are elaborated in this part of the report. These are given as follows: Benefits of PaaS Quick Development and Testing: Greentek can easily cope up with the different configurations and developmental features of the system architecture. In addition to this, the deployment and development team of Greentek can easily operate multiple machines at different locations as per their demands (Willcocks Lacity, 2016). In contrast with this fact the testing and other important development features can be tested with the help of PaaS application within the organization. Dynamic allocation: In accordance with the competitive market places, IT departments need the flexibility and operational excellence for implementing new application within the organization (Zhang, Cherkasova Loo, 2015). Dynamic allocation provides effective testing opportunities and market analysis with the help of cloud application support. Increased focus for business and international entrepreneurship: The organizational heads are responsible for the effective decision makings and other important aspect involved within the system architecture of the Greentek. This aspect allows the organizational heads in solving various issues that helps them to focus on the international requirements of business (Zheng et al., 2013). Challenges of PaaS In contrast with various kinds of benefits of PaaS applications, there are various challenges that are included within the Greentek. These challenges are elaborated as follows: Data security: Like other cloud computing applications, PaaS also involves various technical and data security related issues within the system architecture of Greentek. This aspect reduces the technical feasibility of the system architecture (Chandramouli, Iorga Chokhani, 2014). The third party hosts involves various malicious codes and effective threats within the system architecture of the organization. Limited Flexibility: The PaaS solution cannot match with the IaaS applications or solutions within the organizational structures (El Amraoui Sethom, 2016). The product of PaaS does not match in compatibility with the SaaS products. This aspect also reduces the effectiveness of the system architecture in PaaS applications in Greentek. Customer Captivity: The customer captivity with the help of limited number of PaaS vendors is not enough to serve them better way (Garg, Versteeg Buyya, 2013). This aspect also reduces the effectiveness of the system offerings of the PaaS. Problems of integration: There is various integration issues involved within the system architecture of the PaaS applications. This application can trigger the increase of complexity of the system. Challenges of the SaaS within Greentek Greentek wants to implement the SaaS application in order to improvise their system architecture. In contrast with these facts, there are various challenges of SaaS applications and these are explained as follows: Security and privacy challenges: SaaS is nothing but the application of clod base and it involves various security and privacy threats within the system architecture within the technical domain of Greentek. This aspect is considered as one of the most effective challenges of Greentek. Hybrid IT infrastructure: SaaS is one of the most complex hybrid architecture that offers various complexities within the system architecture of Greentek. Once the organization combines its existing system architecture with the cloud applications then it becomes more complex than the previous one (Kovatsch, Lanter Shelby, 2014). Complex architecture: Complex architecture is another disadvantage of the SaaS applications involved within the system architecture of the Greentek. In addition to this, the complex architecture involved within SaaS cloud set up makes the operations tough to be managed (Park Kim, 2014). Lack of skills among employees: Most of the time, the employee does not have proper skills and effective knowledge about the system architecture of Greentek (Rodrguez-Garca et al., 2014). This aspect reduces the chances of managing the complex system architecture of Greentek. Access challenges: In contrast with various disadvantages of the SaaS, access challenge is another disadvantage of SaaS applications. Whenever any organization or system heads are using the tools of SaaS, access control becomes a difficult challenge for them (Sunyaev Schneider, 2013). Any traditional software offers various monitoring setting to the users in order access the information and data within the cloud. In contrast with this fact, the SaaS applications does not provide this controlling measures to the users in order to maintain the system architecture and various other functions. Time constraint: Time constraint is another technical disadvantage of the SaaS applications within the system architecture (Willcocks, Lacity, 2016). As the complexity of the system architecture is increased due to the SaaS implementation process, time constraint makes the system architecture more inefficient in Greentek. Faulty integration: Faulty integration is another disadvantage of the SaaS application within Greentek. In addition to this, the accounting and sales data are not synced with the system architecture of SaaS application (Zhang, Cherkasova Loo, 2015). This is known as the faulty integration of the SaaS application within any organization. Uploading of files and other aspects that are important to be connected may create issues during the transfer of files and data. Conclusion This report is elaborating all the benefits of the cloud computing in the field of Smartphone applications in the present era. This assignment is considering Greentek, one application development organization that wants to implement SaaS within their organization. In contrast with this fact, various benefits and challenges are being elaborated in this assignment. References Chandramouli, R., Iorga, M., Chokhani, S. (2014). Cryptographic key management issues and challenges in cloud services. InSecure Cloud Computing(pp. 1-30). Springer New York. El Amraoui, A., Sethom, K. (2016, March). Cloudlet Softwarization for Pervasive Healthcare. InAdvanced Information Networking and Applications Workshops (WAINA), 2016 30th International Conference on(pp. 628-632). IEEE. Garg, S. K., Versteeg, S., Buyya, R. (2013). A framework for ranking of cloud computing services.Future Generation Computer Systems,29(4), 1012-1023. Kovatsch, M., Lanter, M., Shelby, Z. (2014, October). Californium: Scalable cloud services for the internet of things with coap. InInternet of Things (IOT), 2014 International Conference on the(pp. 1-6). IEEE. Park, E., Kim, K. J. (2014). An integrated adoption model of mobile cloud services: exploration of key determinants and extension of technology acceptance model.Telematics and Informatics,31(3), 376-385. Rodrguez-Garca, M. ., Valencia-Garca, R., Garca-Snchez, F., Samper-Zapater, J. J. (2014). Ontology-based annotation and retrieval of services in the cloud.Knowledge-Based Systems,56, 15-25. Sunyaev, A., Schneider, S. (2013). Cloud services certification.Communications of the ACM,56(2), 33-36. Willcocks, L. P., Lacity, M. C. (Eds.). (2016).The new IT outsourcing landscape: from innovation to cloud services. Springer. Zhang, Z., Cherkasova, L., Loo, B. T. (2015). Exploiting cloud heterogeneity to optimize performance and cost of MapReduce processing.ACM SIGMETRICS Performance Evaluation Review,42(4), 38-50. Zheng, Z., Wu, X., Zhang, Y., Lyu, M. R., Wang, J. (2013). QoS ranking prediction for cloud services.IEEE transactions on parallel and distributed systems,24(6), 1213-1222.

War and Society Essay Example For Students

War and Society Essay Do you agree with Pat Hudsons argument in her chapter the Economy and theState?In this chapter Pat Hudson focuses on economic growth during the industrialrevolution, she questions whether or not this growth was as extreme aspreviously thought, and why it came about. She also discusses the role thestate played economically and its contribution both commercially andindustrially. She puts forward a convincing argument, which highlights theissues surrounding the debate over whether or not the term industrialrevolution is an exaggeration of the economic changes that occurred inBritain during this period. I agreewithherargumentandherinterpretation of the data she uses as evidence. The first step Hudson takes to support this argument is to look at newestimates of economic change produced in the last ten years such as GDPgrowth and industrial output. She puts forward the arguments used by Harleyin 1982 and of Wrigley and Schofield against Deane and Coles figures inthe sixties. These arguments state that dean and Cole had relied tooheavily on import and export figures to work out growth, and thatpopulation growth had begun earlier than they thought. This is crucial incalculating the rate of economic growth. We will write a custom essay on War and Society specifically for you for only $16.38 $13.9/page Order now Hudson then discusses the revisions of occupational structure in theeighteenth century, which were carried out by Lindert and Williamson. Theyused data on wages and burial records to show that the previous estimatesby Gregory King had been influenced in favour to agriculture. Crafts thenbrought together many of these new estimates and incorporated them with hisown. He suggested that productivity growth was very slow up until 1830.Healso states that TFP grew very slowly and was influenced by agriculture,not industry. Hudson brings up the common argument against the idea of anindustrial revolution concerning the textile industry. Cotton was a smallsector of the industrial world, yet it is thought that it accounted foraround half of all productivity change in manufacturing. Next Hudson brings in a completely different argument to show the limits ofeconomic growth, one that disagrees with Craft. J.G. Williamson argues thatthe high growth and productivity levels thatCraftattributedtoagriculture would have caused de-industrialisation. Williamson insteadconsiders the slowing down of British industrialisation was due to thefailure of the labour and capital markets, as in the difference betweenurban and rural wages. He believes that the capital market failed due tothe investments made during the Napoleonic wars, which inhibited growth andcontributed to the poor living standards suffered by the working class. However unlike Craft he considers the period to be one of dramatic changeand innovation, even if labour shortages and debt slowed it down. Hudson also addresses the issue of the unreliability of data from thisperiod. The modern way of measuring economic activity is by analysingnational income, this can be unreliable today, however it is even more sowhen applied to economics during the nineteenth and early twentiethcentury, which were considerably underdeveloped. Its unreliability isincreased further due to the scarceness of reliable data. Hudson goes on togive examples of productivity calculations and show how they differ. Theburial records that are used by historians for occupational data are alsonot to be relied on, as they do not record the occupations of either womenor children even although their contributiontotheeconomywassubstantial. The records also neglect to define occupations such aslabourer or gentleman. Hudson emphasised how much ofthedatacompletely underestimates activity in numerous occupations. Some of it evenleaves out industries that were growing fast, and were vital in the newurban Britain such as gla ss, lead, metalwork and food processing. .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 , .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .postImageUrl , .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .centered-text-area { min-height: 80px; position: relative; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 , .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3:hover , .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3:visited , .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3:active { border:0!important; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .clearfix:after { content: ""; display: table; clear: both; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 { display: block; transition: background-color 250ms; webkit-transition: background-color 250ms; width: 100%; opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #95A5A6; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3:active , .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3:hover { opacity: 1; transition: opacity 250ms; webkit-transition: opacity 250ms; background-color: #2C3E50; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .centered-text-area { width: 100%; position: relative ; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .ctaText { border-bottom: 0 solid #fff; color: #2980B9; font-size: 16px; font-weight: bold; margin: 0; padding: 0; text-decoration: underline; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .postTitle { color: #FFFFFF; font-size: 16px; font-weight: 600; margin: 0; padding: 0; width: 100%; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .ctaButton { background-color: #7F8C8D!important; color: #2980B9; border: none; border-radius: 3px; box-shadow: none; font-size: 14px; font-weight: bold; line-height: 26px; moz-border-radius: 3px; text-align: center; text-decoration: none; text-shadow: none; width: 80px; min-height: 80px; background: url(https://artscolumbia.org/wp-content/plugins/intelly-related-posts/assets/images/simple-arrow.png)no-repeat; position: absolute; right: 0; top: 0; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3:hover .ctaButton { background-color: #34495E!important; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .centered-text { display: table; height: 80px; padding-left : 18px; top: 0; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3 .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3-content { display: table-cell; margin: 0; padding: 0; padding-right: 108px; position: relative; vertical-align: middle; width: 100%; } .ua60790ef085b6e870c0ffb9f7230f7b3:after { content: ""; display: block; clear: both; } READ: Anne Frank EssayThe author also addresses the subject of labour division; this is animportant factor in the argument. Some historians believe thattheindustrial revolution was down to changes in labour, such as shift work anddivision of labour and tasks, thus reducingcostsandincreasingproductivity, all with limited use of technology. There was also a massivechange in lifestyle as more people than ever before were city dwellers,this provided a large labour market including women and children. Hudson then goes on to discuss the role the state plays concerning economicchange. In the nineteenth century Britain was economically superior to therest of the world, she possessed a near monopoly of the overseas market aswell as being a major military power with a huge empire. However the loansacquired by the state during the wars were responsible for the majority ofthe financial problems later on in the century. The state dealt with thisby heavily taxing goods and imposing income tax. The state contributed tothe economic growth because of this tax, even although it became moredifficult to impose tax on trade goods due to smuggling and evasion. Waralso played an important part in the growth of many industries such astextiles and hardware, and more importantly the outcome of the warsincreased demand for British goods, so exports significantly increased. In this chapter Hudson puts forward different interpretations of theeffects the Napoleonic wars had on the economy. Craft is of the view thatwartime had very limited effects on key sectors of the economy whileWilliamson blames the wars for the slow growth of the economy during theindustrial revolution. Some economic historians feel that the economy wouldnot have slumped had it not been for the wars, i.e. if it had continued togrow at the rate it did before the war.Hudson states that wartimeincreases in customs duties did not have a harmful effect on most majorindustries, and it had a commercialising effect on agriculture. Pat Hudsons approach to economics during the period of the industrialrevolution is becoming more common as new theories are put forward and oldones questioned. She approaches the issues covered in this chapter frommany perspectives, and does not deny that despite the debates this was aperiod of change that would set the course for todaysinnovativetechnological world.

Traditional Culture no longer is prevalent in Japanese Society

Traditional Culture no longer is prevalent in Japanese Society Introduction Traditional Japanese cultural paradigm is no doubt under a serious threat with the arising of Japanese independent mind westerners, who do not claim any inherent trait in being Japanese. If this is not the case, Japanese art history must not have suffered at the hands of cultural politics of Euro-Americans who are most likely prefer to compare Japanese traditional iconography with other cultural groups.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Culture no longer is prevalent in Japanese Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/page Learn More Many scholarly writers and neo-traditional artists support this notion by providing insufficient reasoning of being Japanese or foreigner, they believe it does make no difference to characterize Japanese traditions akin to comparing with Americans or Westerners in general. I don’t chime in with them and opine that comparing Japanese culture with that of any other is not wo rth to concern the contemporary modernization in Japan. Unlike others I don’t believe the onus shoulders onto the significance of ‘change’, but it is the technologically driven society that has taken place rapidly and has intervened with intrepid lifestyle of the Japanese, marking the culture towards a panorama, asunder apart from the traditional Japanese shift. It would not be right to claim that Japan has lost its cultural significance at all, and that all it is left with is the debris of the electronic revolution. Instead, what I have realized is that Japanese post modern societal trends have failed to realize the altruistic striking feature behind Japanese studies on pre-modern art, especially when it comes to Japanese lacquerware products. Yiengpruksawan suggests the difference between traditional and modern day imagery of Japan, (Yiengpruksawan 2001, 105) as traditional picture presents a grotesque view telling epics of Japanese warfare whereas the modern d ay Japan contradicts it. I don’t believe in this stance either, for the reason that traditional urushi art and craft in Japan is itself a memento of pre-war era, which has left its vestiges of the nineteenth-century European template in the segmented art form of painting and sculpture that now is renowned as an amalgamation with the American decorative art, particularly lacquerware. The process of commercialization in the nineteenth century Japan has made the Japaneseness less viable in the art and crafts, which to this day, have phased out gradually by the modern day masterworks of Japanese art. Withering away traditional Japanese art to contemporary culture governed by the refinement of electronic era is a plight, particularly to those who are engaged in the profession of reuniting traditional art with modern one, and even to those who want to conserve what antique craft history has bestowed on us.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we ca n help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More The fact not much has been written on the Japanese lacquerware, is itself an answer to the dubious question whether or not the urushi has been retained in the contemporary Japanese society? From the beginning of the naturalization of lacquer implant, as a monument of Japanese art history, the government was supposed to make intricate measures so as to avoid its unnecessary availability to the European countries as well as the United States, which it had not derailed. However with the phasing of the government policies in to the adoption of the 1870s epoch (Yiengpruksawan 2001, 105), it was aimed to enhance the exports of lacquerware to Western countries. Such a welcoming note and exposure of Japanese handicrafts and monuments kept up with the pace of the economic competition until it was marketed by certain change of ‘modernization’ by the Western countries. By modernization, it is meant to be enha nced, economically available to Westerners as a result of vying with one another, and ultimately lost its value in the Occidental world. The buyers manifested a line of what today can be called as distinction between the old art and the new one. And so the Japanese lacquerware lost its traditional heritage that once it had over the world. Another reason of phasing out lacquer products goes with the chronicles of Hayashi who in 1980s used his apartments as galleries and shops to display and sell his bronze and lacquer ware products to Paris (Merritt 1990, 13), but as soon as it dawned upon him that his clients had more interest in prints than in lacquerware, he started merging and derailed a coalition of prints with other lacquerware products. In all the process, Japanese authorities helped to sell out the best of prints to foreign collectors, and never showed up any enthusiasm in marketing the oriental lacquerware. The manufacturers and the retailers of such traditional art are now use to what we see as a new attitude of pluralism. This attitude has its own significance in the sense it markets whatever it feels can be blended with the recent globalization trend. Diverse cultures, inheriting art and crafts, and countless heritages, all are blended well with the global cultures of mix and match traits. All this inherited from the West has brought along with it unique repercussions that add up to the loss of original Japanese lacquerware and handicrafts. McCausland mentions â€Å"There are now museum collections and university departments of world art that are better redefined as ‘the universal museums’† (McCausland 2005, 688). By universal museums, what I perceive McCausland wants to point out is the contemporary plight of our generations at the hands of our heritage destruction.Advertising We will write a custom essay sample on Traditional Culture no longer is prevalent in Japanese Society specifically for you for only $16.05 $11/p age Learn More Of course, the word ‘blending’ that I have used above best goes by ‘destruction’ because any change, addition, or subtraction to a heritage memento, that even fulfils the criteria against which contemporary society is lured to the market is indirect destruction caused by the people of the society. Further it is marked by dignity by the government, when such heritage is placed in museums in collaboration and coalition with the globalized trends. The metaphor with which original heritage of oriental lacquerware was once considered no longer attracts the countrymen, and why would they do so? When no attempts have been made by the Japanese government to restore their ancestral heritage, often which the nations wonder as priceless have really gone so ‘priceless’, that no Japanese either inspires or admires it. So for the foreigners, why would they like the classical Japanese monuments, though depicting true stance of e legance when at the same time Japan is producing the finest quality electronic goods and equipment? This is not to say that globalization is the culprit here, but to some extent it must be held responsible for petering out the traditional Japanese culture that once was admired throughout the globe. Fehrenbach Poiger mentions the transformation of Japanese metaphor that is a mundane cultural experience which undergoes when, far from their original heritage, â€Å"they turn into new, recombinant formations, that take place among groups of diverse geographical and cultural origins† (Fehrenbach Poiger 2000, 149). This is what exactly happens when theoretical persuasion exceeds pragmatic notions that our youth needs to ask where such valuable monuments come from, and why have we preferred to use periodic names instead of centuries? When our generation asks as to who has the power to make these nomenclatures available as valueless misbegotten instances and why they have been labe lled as vestiges in the museums of the nineteenth-century Europe as demonstration of elitism? What would then justify our youth when they see Japanese decorative arts and craft, ceramics, and lacquerware in context with the ‘Europeanization’ tag. The Japanese style is no more in the globalized arena except that which is prevailed in the museums. Many claim that the Japaneseness has been taken over by the American cultureless diplomats with an aim to distract Japanese youth away from their cultural heritage, which is already enriched in electronics and weaponry. This might be true as according to (Lancaster 1963, 18) â€Å"when in 1852, America was assigned with an objective, commencement of a treaty with Japan to provide deliberate protection for American seamen and property in Japan and Japanese waters, and the opening of one or more ports for supplies and trade†, America at that time took this opportunity to deprive Japan of its own heritage, but behind closed doors.Advertising Looking for essay on cultural studies? Let's see if we can help you! Get your first paper with 15% OFF Learn More Conclusion The influence of the European and American hierarchy of fine arts has ‘enhanced’ Japanese lacquerware to the extent that today it has no longer remained and reckoned as the original ancient arts that once used to specify Japan (Tamaki 1999, 127). The bronze-lacquer which used to exist as the emblem of friendship and was given as a gift to international aides is no more part of that traditional norm, because contemporary Japanese history shines out through the influenced ‘globalized’ arena, and not what it used to be (Jones 2003, 41). Be it Japanese history and culture or Japanese warriors, the fascination of lacquerware and other handmade ceramics must not lose its significance (Busch 2000, 1), even if every other culture loses impact under the shadow of globalization. References Busch Richard. September 23, 2000. â€Å"Japanese Potters Continue a Tradition of Kiln- Fired Beauty.† The Washington Times: 1. Fehrenbach Heide and Poiger G. Uta . 2000. Transactions, Transgressions,  Transformations: American Culture in Western Europe and Japan. New York: Berghahn Books. Jones Susanna. February 24, 2003. â€Å"Bright Lanterns: Susanna Jones Enjoys an Illuminating Insight into Japanese History.† New Statesman 132(4626): 41. Lancaster Clay. 1963. The Japanese Influence in America. New York: Walton H. Rawls. McCausland Shane. 2005. â€Å"Nihonga Meets GU Kaizhi: a Japanese Copy of a Chinese Painting in the British Museum† The Art Bulletin 87(4): 688 Merritt Helen. 1990. Modern Japanese Woodblock Prints: The Early Years. Honolulu: University of Hawaii. Tamaki, Bert Winther. 1999. â€Å"Yagi Kazuo: The Admission of the Nonfunctional Object into the Japanese Pottery World† Journal of Design History 12(2): 127. Yiengpruksawan, Mimi Hall. 2001. â€Å"Japanese Art History 2001: the State and Stakes of Research† The Art Bulletin 83(1): 105.

Promotional and Advertising Strategies Essay Example | Topics and Well Written Essays - 1750 words

Promotional and Advertising Strategies - Essay Example Companies, therefore, find the need to advertise and promote their products. This is done to provide information to consumers, to increase the demand of a certain product or even to make the product stand out from those similar ones from other companies. Companies will, therefore, use different modes of advertisement and product promotion in a bid to get an advantage over their competitors. Companies have no option, but to employ different modes in order to edge out their competition. These strategies are mainly targeted at the consumers. Research has showed that consumers are responsive to these strategies and increase their usage in all companies. In this essay, we are going to delve in the global market of television sets. We shall also review the two market leaders in this category, Samsung and Sony companies. Sony has been the traditional electronics company and has enjoyed some monopoly in the past. On the other hand Samsung is relatively new and has derived strategies to build its brand. Since these two companies produce similar products in the form of TV sets, they have similar strategies to promote their products. Both Sony and Samsung have massive investments in advertising done using modes of advertisement such as print and electronic. Television and internet are the most preferred electronic modes since they have the widest reach. In print media, these companies usually put up billboards and buy space on newspapers and magazines. Advertising helps both companies to delve into new markets, establish and retain their brand and increase their sales in the market. Apart from advertising, the two companies normally use other promotional strategies. The promotional plans are evident through gifts, coupons and other print outs to existing and potential consumers. In most cases, these two companies come up with promotions where consumers are promised cash prizes or even more products as an award. In order for one to win such prizes, they will be

Teacher Attitude Towards Performance Incentives in Georgia Dissertation

Teacher Attitude Towards Performance Incentives in Georgia - Dissertation Example The effectiveness of the teachers has a greater influence on the learning of students, than any other factors affecting the student learning in the control of schools in the world that include the size of the school, the size of the class, and the effectiveness of â€Å"after-school programs† (Bacharach & David 2009). There have been concerns on Georgia about the contribution of teachers towards the studying of students and the quality of the teacher workforce and there have been calls to reform the compensation of teachers. The survey result would be an indication of how the teacher attitudes differ by personal characteristics such as subject area, school assignment, or experience as well as the teacher workforce that include the school performance and the level of trust among teachers and principals. There have been calls by policymakers, analysts, and education advocates that the criterion used on teacher compensation is inappropriate and therefore it has been criticized as being too uniform and rigid. Critics claim that the present system in Georgia is not efficient as it concentrates on the experience of teachers and the qualifications they hold alone and this makes the teaching profession unattractive to result oriented people who might be having technical skills (Michael, 2007). Moreover, the critics of this compensation system for teachers argue that the present system does not do much in regard to motivate and reward effective teachers. Therefore instead of the uniform pay of teachers that goes ahead to ignore the labor market realities, reformers argue that they have provided the teachers with a varied incentive. However, despite the reformers claiming of the different incentives to teachers, this does not have any effect on the teacher motivation. The incentives have given too little as compared to the teaching assignments (Ballou, 2009). The Problem in Question According to a US study, there has been the comparison of the effectiveness of rew arding a select group of teachers against all the teachers in the school (Baugh, 2009). An analysis of the National Education Longitudinal Study, the US Department of Education's School, and the data from the Staffing Survey on performance pay came up with a conclusion that rewarding a select group of teachers was effective in student learning as compared to the whole school (Brodie & Ron 2008). However, several recent studies reveal that rewarding of the entire group of teachers in the whole school have a positive affect on the test scores of students. In addition, the research shows that through rewarding the teachers uniformly the teachers have an opportunity and encouraged to cooperate with the other teachers in the school by sharing their experiences. Critics of the selected pay program believe that the whole-school performance pay system are more acceptable to the teachers and less â€Å"controversial† (Donald & James, 2010). Regarding this, evidence of the problem that calls for farther research on the problem before policy recommendations are made. The purpose of this study is to find out why the teachers have different views regarding the pay for performance initiative. Definitions In this section, the definition of performance pay is dealt within general to set up a context on how it applies to the teachers specifically in Georgia. Therefore the key word in this paper is pay for performance in Georgia. This is the plan to have a direct relationship between the employee pay and the output of the employee. The pay for performance plan often considers of a select group of persons or the whole group of people. This plan is in line with the mostly held belief in humans that employee need to be rewarded depending on their

Summarising the Paris Agreement

Summarising the Paris Agreement The Kyoto Protocols second commitment period is due to end in the year 2020, the same time as the new Paris agreement is due to come into force to replace this protocol (Wilder, Richard and Curnow, 2016). Given that the issue of fragmentation described earlier hinges on the provisions present in the Kyoto protocol, it is clear that the provisions introduced in the new agreement have the potential to change the fragmented relationship between the climate and biodiversity regimes. This presents a unique opportunity to: examine how[A1] this relationship may have changed; critique the Paris agreements attempts at managing fragmentation; examine how the international community may be attempting to improve fragmented regimes[A2]; suggest how the international community might be able to improve on the weaker areas. To do this it is first necessary to provide a summary of the Paris agreement, exploring how it may differ from the Kyoto protocol in general and specifically in its delimitations on the use of forests in achieving the objectives of the UNFCCC. To then go on to discuss what these differences mean for the fragmented UNFCCC-CBD regime. Background During the 2011 United Nations Climate Change Conference, the Durban Platform (and the Ad Hoc Working Group on the Durban Platform for Enhanced Action) was established with the aim to negotiate a legal instrument governing climate change mitigation measures from 2020. The Durban Platform decision had identified the focus of work for the 2015 Agreement as mitigation, adaptation, finance, technology development and transfer, transparency of action, and support and capacity building. Developed countries, however, had long sought to focus on mitigation and transparency alone, while many developing countries had argued for parity in treatment across mitigation, adaptation, transparency and means of implementation (finance, technology and capacity building). [A3]The agreement entailed the continuation of the Kyoto Protocol in the interim, although only some countries including members of the EU were indicated as likely to commit.[A4] The terms of the Durban Platform were ultimately met fol lowing the successful negotiation of the Paris Agreement through decision 1/CP.21, the text of the Paris Agreement is contained in the annex to this decision. The resulting agreement was to be adopted in 2015. The language of the agreement was negotiated by representatives of 195 countries at the 21st Conference of the Parties of the UNFCCC in Paris and adopted by consensus on 12 December 2015. It was opened for signature on 22 April 2016 (Earth Day) 175 Parties (174 states and the European Union) signed the treaty on the first date it was open for signature. As of December 2016, 194 UNFCCC members have signed the treaty, 126 of which have ratified it. After several European Union states ratified the agreement in October 2016, there were enough countries that had ratified the agreement that produce enough of the worlds greenhouse gases for the agreement to enter into force. The agreement went into effect on the 4th of November 2016. Preamble and Purpose The preamble establishes the overarching context for the operative elements of the agreement, the importance of: nature is recognised and enshrined in addressing the challenges of adaptation and mitigation; sinks and reservoirs, including forest ecosystems and unlike the Kyoto protocol, the importance of protecting biodiversity is mentioned: The Parties to this Agreement, Noting the importance of ensuring the integrity of all ecosystems, including oceans, and the protection of biodiversity. Through this framing the importance of nature is recognised, and can be expected to lead to a greater focus on maintaining healthy ecosystems, which up until now has been an underrepresented dimension of climate change solutions. [A5] General [A2] The Paris Agreement has a bottom up [in parts] structure in contrast to most international environmental law treaties which are top down, characterised by standards and targets set internationally, for states to implement. Like the Kyoto Protocol the aim of the convention is described in Article 2, enhancing the implementation of the UNFCCC. Is an unusual Agreement, containing a carefully calibrated mix of hard, soft and non-obligations, the boundaries between which are blurred. Each of these types of obligations plays a distinct and valuable role. The hard obligations of conduct in mitigation and finance, in conjunction with a rigorous oversight system, form the core of the Paris Agreement. The soft obligations peppered throughout the instrument in relation to mitigation, adaptation and means of implementation create good faith expectations of Parties. And the non-obligations, albeit unusual in operational provisions of treaties, provide valuable context, construct narratives and of fer mutual reassurances. NDCs [A3] Unlike its predecessor, which sets commitment targets that have legal force, the Paris Agreement, with its emphasis on consensus-building allows for voluntary and nationally determined targets[A6]. Nationally determined contributions [NDCs] are determined by all countries individually Article 3 requires them to be ambitious, represent a progression over time and set with the view to achieving the purpose of this Agreement. The contributions should be reported every five years, the contributions themselves are not binding. The specific climate goals are thus politically encouraged, rather than legally bound. Only the processes governing the reporting and review of these goals are mandated. While each Partys NDC is not legally binding, the Parties are legally bound to have their progress tracked by technical expert review [A7]to assess achievement toward the NDC, and to determine ways to strengthen ambition. Forests [A5] Importantly the main text includes a section dedicated specifically to the role of forests in climate change mitigation, sending a strong political signal to both developed and developing countries that they should implement and support: forest protection, sustainable management and restoration. It differs from the Kyoto protocol in that it does not include provisions commanding the promotion of policies associated with either afforestation, reforestation or deforestation, nor are these prescribed to meet any such commitments. Article 5, integrates these forest-based climate change mitigation and adaptation measures in the operational scheme of the Agreement, noting in paragraph 1 that: Parties should take action to conserve and enhance, as appropriate, sinks and reservoirs of greenhouse gases as referred to in Article 4, paragraph 1(d), of the Convention, including forests. This pledge to fight deforestation and promote conservation has been regarded by some as a key shift in the in ternational climate regime. It provides a legal basis to require Parties only to conserve and enhance ecosystems when taking INDCs to address climate change. Note importantly that this provision encourages all parties, developing and developed to use ecosystem based mitigation options. Furthermore reference to reservoirs of greenhouse gases could provide a basis for use of carbon capture and storage technologies according to those who view Article 4, paragraph 1 of the UNFCCC as an encouragement to use such technology based options. REDD [A8] [A5] Whereas provisions relating to forest conservation in developing countries were deliberately omitted from the Kyoto protocol[A9], due to efficiency concerns. REDD+ was formally recognised in an explicit and standalone part of the Paris agreement, article 5.2, in which Parties are encouraged to take action to implement and support, [-][A10], the existing framework for: policy approaches and positive incentives for activities relating to reducing emissions from deforestation and forest degradation. Note the specific wording designed to prevent REDD+ from becoming a formal mechanism under the Convention, chosen to prevent the kind of administrative barriers that have been encountered when approving projects under the existing Clean Development Mechanism. Encourages implementation and support, among others, of REDD+, and alternative policy approaches such as joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for integral and sustainable management of forests. Article 5 paragraph 2 refers to fram eworks, decisions and guidance adopted over the years as they relate to forests, including REDD+, it also reaffirms the importance of non-carbon benefits of forests. REDD Background[A11] REDD+ which has been in development since 2005, was the subject of intense negotiation during the 2015 climate change conference in Paris. Its inclusion in the Paris agreement is a notable achievement. High on the agenda in the lead up to Paris was the ambiguity associated with the lack of a strong political signal to assure the international community that REDD+ was a permanent addition to the climate regime. Countries such as Brazil (who have long opposed the proliferation of forest regimes) did not want any reference to REDD+ at all, arguing that the arrangements had already been formulated through the Warsaw Framework for REDD+. Whereas organisations such as the Coalition for Rainforest Nations (CRN) argued for further provisions to establish financing for REDD+. REDD was considered for inclusion alongside other mechanisms such as the Joint Mitigation and Adaptation Mechanism (JMA). Other key topics of discussion included whether REDD+ reductions would count toward countries nati onal climate action plans, or INDCs. Text Despite the CRNs efforts, the new treaty [does not introduce any new finance commitments, pledges or channels, beyond those found in Article 9]. Though [clause 55 specifically recognised the need for financial resources to support forest-related activities, with particular mention of joint mitigation and adaptation approaches for the integral and sustainable management of forests.] The provisions in article 5.2 are considered to be positive for forests, by formally recognising the role they play in combatting climate change, providing the necessary political signal to mobilise action and by operationalizing the REDD+ package, sending a clear message that it is a prominent piece of the new global climate action strategy. Sustainable Development Mechanism [A6] Establishes the sustainable development mechanism an advancement of the clean development mechanism that was present in the Kyoto protocol which facilitated the collaborative pursuit of emissions reductions for their Intended Nationally Determined Contributions. Notably, the SDM, unlike the Clean Development Mechanism, will be available to all parties as opposed to only Annex-1 parties, making it much wider in scope. Although the structure and the processes governing the SDM are not yet determined the specifics of the governance structure, project proposal modalities, and overall design are expected to come during the next Conference of the Parties in Marrakesh. Relevance to REDD+ forest based mitigation will form part of the SDM, including measures for public and private participation that could possibly mobilise private financing [A12]for REDD+, forest conservation and sink enhancement. Flexibility Throughout article 6 Provides benefits to REDD+ mechanism in the form of the transference of mitigation outcomes (including emissions reductions or removal enhancement). Furthermore it is stipulated that cooperation in implementing NDCs must provide reference to REDD+ as well as stipulating the trading of emissions reductions. Scope Another key difference between Paris Agreement and the Kyoto Protocol is its scope. While the Kyoto Protocol differentiated between Annex-1 and non-Annex-1 countries, this bifurcation is blurred in the Paris Agreement, as all parties will be required to submit emissions reductions plans. The acknowledgement that different nations have different capacities and duties to climate action it does not provide a specific division between developed and developing nations. Adaptation Adaptation issues garnered more focus in the formation of the Paris Agreement. Collective, long-term adaptation goals are included in the Agreement, and countries must report on their adaptation actions, making adaptation a parallel component of the agreement with mitigation. May be relevant to forests in that it requires the protection of ecosystem and the implementation of measures to increase their resilience. Transparency Article 13 of the Paris Agreement articulates an enhanced transparency framework for action and support that establishes harmonized monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. Thus, both developed and developing nations must report every two years on their mitigation efforts, and all parties will be subject to both technical and peer review. The agreement also has an enhanced transparency framework over the Kyoto protocol the Parties are legally bound to have their progress tracked by technical expert review to assess achievement toward the NDC, and to determine ways to strengthen ambition. Article 13 of the Paris Agreement articulates an enhanced transparency framework for action and support that establishes harmonized monitoring, reporting, and verification (MRV) requirements. Thus, both developed and developing nations must report every two years on their mitigation efforts, and all parties will be subject to both technical and peer review. Carbon Market Additional elements include in article 6 the basis for a global carbon market, involving the international transfer of mitigation outcomes (ITMOs) . [A13] [A1]Expand on this [A2]Compare to the suggestions that critics have offered [A3]Necessary? [A4]? move [A5]Consider moving to discussion? [A6]Could result in less emphasis on need for conversion? [A7]Do these experts: note the importance of biod? [A8]More information needed [A9]Check this [A10]Include [A11]Consider order [A12]There are private financing afforestation projects? [A13]To complete, are there more aspects?

‘Split Down the Middle’ by David Campton

This piece of work is based on a section of script from a play. The segment is part of a play called ‘Split Down the Middle' by David Campton. The segment is a duologue that is about two girls (Josie and Fran) who are on a works outing. The scene is set in a rowing boat in the middle of the ocean surrounded by fog. Problems cumulate, when a small whole is discovered, and the boat is realised to be sinking! We liked this idea as we thought it was a good script that was well written and suited to the abilities of myself and the other girls in the scene. We liked the humorous dialogue and the situation of the script. The ages and respective temperament of the characters we though suited us, and we enjoyed reading the script together. There are two characters in the script. These are both young women. One is called Fran, and the other Josie. Josie is a much more lively character than Fran. She is quick witted, with a fiery temper and a lashing tongue. She blames Fran for them being stuck in the middle of the ocean. Josie considers herself to be above Fran, and is a harder character than Fran. She is dramatic, and over the top. However in the last part of the script, she relents and shows her true affection for Fran. We reached some of Josie's character by discussion, as part of it was already written on the script as a pointer. Fran is a much more slow character. She is simple and displays a degree of thoughtlessness that causes Josie to react dramatically in some scenes. She is not quite sure of herself, and almost reveres Josie as the superior character. However, she is totally unfazed by the aspect of death, and in the end, ahs to turn the comforter, and consoler of Josie when she has a complete breakdown. We got Fran's character the same way we got Josie's. I played the part of Fran. To set the scene, we paced two chairs together in the centre of the stage. This was to represent the bench on the rowing boat. We chose to use minimal props because we thought that would be easier and more effective than having some props, but not very many. The idea of swaying as if the boat was on the open seas was discussed, but we abandoned it as we though it would be very difficult to sustain, and it would ruin the simplicity of the scene. In my opinion the best scene in the play is the last scene where Fran and Josie reconcile and sit in peace. I think this was very effective as it brought the emotions of the scene to light. It had a good use of tension and focus was required between the characters. It brings to light the bond between two close friends. It was also one of the scenes where we knew our words! In contrast, I thought the middle of the play was slightly weak. We were not very sure of the words, and this seeped slightly into the performance. The atmosphere was not built up enough, and the body language between the characters was slightly wrong. The focus was not very good, and we could have made a better use of contrast between the characters. I was slightly nervous about performing this piece as I was not 100% sure of the words. I tried not to let this seep into my work, but it may have a little. However, I calmed down once I was in the theatre. The piece had to be performed slightly different to the way we did in rehearsals as we were used to rehearsing in quite a small room, and now we had to do it in a theatre. We had to project our voice considerably more than we were used to, and also had to act to a much larger audience. The audience were very helpful, as they found the scene quite funny in all the correct places, and not in places that it wasn't meant to be funny. They also applauded at the right time, and gave encouragement. I think that this piece worked mostly, as we managed to create a good focus between us. We did not forget our words, and built a successful atmosphere. Though we felt nervous, we managed to perform the scene successfully. I think that we did the script justice, and I thoroughly enjoyed doing it.

Auto Industry in Canada

To fully understand why Canada is one the wealthiest nations in the world, we need to pay particular attention to Canada’s economic history. The economic history of our country has been marked by many important events that have paved the way for a successful economic future. A brief economic history of Canada would pay particular attention to important events such as the economic boom of the 1920s, the dark times of the 1930s; the Second World War during the 1940s and to also not forget the important trade agreements such as the auto pact and the NAFTA.Despite the above mentioned important events, Canadian economy has also been greatly influenced by its own economic sectors. Our economy has undergone through major changes during the past 3 decades. One of the factors that had an enormous impact on the economy of Canada has been that of the automotive industry. The automotive industry was born in the early years of the 20th century and it has since then, expanded very quickly. (White, 2007, p. 3) The expansion has proved to be economically profitable and also unsuccessful at times.This essay will examine the economical and political impacts of the auto industry in Canada during the past years, by paying special attention to the economic regional imbalance, the auto pact, the North American Free Trade Agreement and also the shift in the Canadian auto market, from American automakers to the Japanese automakers during the past three decades. The automotive industry expanded Canada’s economy by increasing the employment levels, the improvement of roads and contributed to an increase in revenues due to licences and gasoline fees.It also strengthened the economical relationship with our neighbours to the south and has also improved the economy of the southern provinces as it is heavily concentrated in the province of Ontario with major assembly plants in Windsor and Oshawa. The first car was produced in 1888 by Karl Benz in Germany, where as in Canada â €Å"commercial production did not being until after 1900† (White,2007, p. 5) Many Canadian automakers tried their luck but only some succeeded, as the automobile market in Canada was overtaken by the United States in the early stages of its production.It is very important to understand that the beginning of the automobile industry is closely connected to that of the United States. Many people link the creation of the automobile industry in Canada with the American automaker Ford. The design of the American automakers is entirely different from that of the Europeans and this was set early in the history of the car production. The Germans and the French build quality and modern cars which could only be afforded by the rich, where as the Americans were faced by an economic dilemma therefore they build cars that the public at large could afford, at a cheaper quality than the Europeans.As White states in the 1920s the industry hit its stride, expanding such that Canada became the second-largest producer of automobiles in the world. † (2007, p. v) The automobile changed many aspects of the lives of Canadians. The car gave Canadians the leisure they didn’t have before the 1920s. Now they were able to travel long distances comfortably, to find jobs far away from home as now it was easier to get to work. The automobile also allowed for the construction of the hard surface roads. Norrie at al states that by the 1928, there were 8600 km of concrete or macadamized roads in the province (2008, pg. 89) As the number of cars per person increased so did the number of licensed vehicles in Canada. Norrie et al states that by 1923 the number of automobiles in Canada had risen to nearly 1. 2 million (2008, p. 288) Employment rates were steadily rising with the rise in the number of manufactured cars in Canada. The opening of big plants throughout Canada in cities such as Windsor and Oshawa closely contributed to higher employment rates. In 1920 the average num ber of employees in the automobile manufacturing industry was 8,281 where as 6 years later it increased to 11,905. The sun life assurance company, 1956, p. 3 table 1) Even to this day almost 90 years later, these cities are heavily depended on the employment by the automakers. The increase in employment contributed to an increase in the lifestyles of Canadians. Also government revenues increased with the expansion of the automobile industry. They had to find a way to maintain the roads therefore licensing and gas fees were introduced. The automakers did not only increase the lifestyle of the people in the southern provinces but they had a big impact on the western provinces also.Agriculture was one of the many industrial sectors that benefited from the automakers. With cars being built it was now easier for the farmers to sell their products in the market. They now had a more comfortable way to travel and this made their jobs easier. Also the introduction of the farm tractors was a big help in the agriculture industry. The farm tractors increased crop quantities and livestock volume. The tractor was a great invention as it was more efficient and less time consuming. One of the negative impacts of the automobile industry in Canada is that of the regional economic imbalances between the provinces.With the manufacturing being heavily concentrated in Ontario, the other provinces of Canada do not get the same economic output as Ontario does. â€Å"Ontario is considered by far the wealthiest province. The province generates almost 50 percent of Canada’s GDP which translates into a staggering 675 billion dollars. Many analysts describe Ontario as the powerhouse of Canada and a serious contender in North America as well as globally† (Ohmae, 73) The manufacturing plants are situated in the southern province so they could be closer to their parent American companies. The export of the manufactured cars has also increased the GDP of the country.This also sh ows that with the most jobs being in Ontario, Canada’s population is heavily concentrated in Ontario as the province offers more employment opportunities. â€Å"Between the years of 1981 to 1995, Ontario’s exports, primarily in the United States, almost quadrupled from $38 billion to $140 billion. Exports to the other provinces doubled but when we compare exports to the rest of the world in contrast to the rest of Canada the exports dropped from 28 per cent to less than 20 per cent â€Å"(Courchene, 278). The above figures show that Ontario is exporting more to the rest of the world than the other provinces.When it comes to exporting to other countries, Ontario exports more to the United States than any other country in the world. Ontario is better off economically because other important industries are located in the provinces. Industries such as the telecommunication industry are also located in Ontario. Therefore with this being said, Ontario is mostly depended on the United States rather than on the other provinces. The auto industry expanded during the 1920s as already mentioned in this essay. A good reason for this was the fact that Canadians themselves were buying cars, since they were a hot commodity during those years.The auto industry was always dominated by the United States and never by the Canadians and this is why many people wonder if the auto industry in Canada is actually Canadian. The second economic boom for the auto makers were the years after the Second World War. After the war production increased as demand was able to meet supply. The industry moved into a period of growth and prosperity after the war. White states: the number of passenger cars produced rose from almost none at the end of the war to 193, 000 in 1949. (2007, p. 71) However during the 1950s the European auto makers ook the upper hand as they had established good production technology. With this technology they were able to produce cheaper and smaller cars, therefore demand for the American auto market started going down. Anything that affected the United States, affected Canada as we were their biggest car manufacture. If the American auto market was to go down, the Canadian economy would crash with them. To better the economic situation and to help the auto industry at home and to save jobs and the live hood of many Canadians, Canada and the United States signed the auto pact in 1968.The Automotive Products Trade Agreement was not based on free trade but it did however remove tariffs on cars and automotive parts between Canada and the United States. It made exports between the two countries cheaper, therefore by raising Canadian exports into the United States. The auto pact helped both countries in dealing with the economic situation at the time. Analysts say that Canada reaped the most benefits from the auto pact as the big 3 ford, general motors and Chrysler ensured that auto production remained and expanded in Canada.Employment in creased in Canada during the years that the auto pact was still in power. Wallace states that the auto pact was phased out in 2001 as its provision were ruled to contravene WTO regulations by favouring particular corporations (2002, p. 114) The auto pact is also one of the best examples that shows the government’s intervention in the market place. The auto pact shows that it was necessary for the government to intervene in helping the economy out and making sure that employment levels did not go down.The economy also expanded because of the North American Free Trade Agreement signed in 1994 between USA Canada and Mexico. The North American Free Trade Agreement opened the doors to free trade between the 3 countries to ensure economic prosperity for North America. Considering that the United States is our biggest exporter and we export 80 % of our goods to our neighbours in the south, it was economically wise to make such an important step. The country’s GDP has steadily grown wince the implementation of the trade agreement.According to the organization for economic co-operation and development Canada’s Gross domestic product has steadily increased at a rate of 3. 42 percent annually. (OECD, 2010) Since Canada has joined the North American Free Trade Agreement and has eliminated tariffs on auto parts used for manufacturing purposes in Canada, our automotive surplus and sales have increased and so have the employment rates. According to Industry Canada employment growth has been highest in the auto parts manufacturing sector, as output rose to supply North American vehicle production.Also Canada is integrated in the North American Market with annual sales of 20 million vehicles and has an overall automotive trade surplus of $ 4. 6 billion on flows totalling % 159. 1 billion. (Industry Canada, 2009). As we can see Canada has economically benefited from free trade with the United States, this however does not go without saying that throughout t he years, the North American Free Trade agreement has intervened on our political matters and disputes between Canada and the United States have increased throughout the years.A good example of one of the biggest disputes would be that of the Softwood lumber. However, despite all the negative impacts of the North American Free Trade agreement we can generally say that Canada has greatly benefited from this agreement. The auto industry has gone through major changes since the auto pact in 1965 and the implementation of the North American Free Trade agreement in 1994. The American auto makers had a financial downturn in 2009 and the big 3 was very close to filing for bankruptcy if the Canadian and American government would have not bailed them out.Many blame the American financial crisis for the financial meltdown of the automotive industry, where as others blame their profit driven practices. The automakers asked the government for loans and also went through restructuring plans and downsized their plants. They let go a lot of employees and shut down many plants across North America but not in Canada. They went through a process of restructuring as it was necessary for their survival. The Bush government implemented a set of conditions for the automakers, if they were to receive loans from the United States government.These conditions were geared towards the employees as they would be the ones to suffer the most. The global financial meltdown crisis did not only affect the American automakers but also European and Asian automakers. It is generally known that the only way to get out of the recession is to spend, but people cannot afford to spend in times of crisis. Many were laid off and had a hard time surviving the economy as they had no means of support. Once again government intervention was necessary from the Canadians.Considering that the economy in the southern Canadian provinces would go down in ruins, if they American plants decided to show down, the Ha rper government announced that they would offer $3. 5 billion to the automakers. With the help from the Canadian and American government, the big 3 seem to have recuperated from the melt down as they want to rehire their employees in Canada. General Motors announced that they will be rehiring people in Oshawa for the production of cars in 2011.Jones states that Friday’s recall announcement is in addition to another 600 workers GM said will be back at work to produce the Buick Regal. Approximately 1200 GM workers are now on lay off† (2010, p. 1). Many were against the bail out of the American automakers from the Canadian government as they said it would be a waste, where as others were concerned about the live hood of thousands of Canadians. The above quote clearly shows that the Canadian government took the right economic decision to benefit its people in the future. As we can see the big American auto makers are recuperating from the financial meltdown.What they have t o worry about now is competition from the Asian automakers, as they have been taking the lead in the automotive industry since the 1980s. There has been a shift in the Canadian auto market from the Americans to the Japanese auto makers. The Americans still manufacture cars in Canada but the Japanese automakers seem to be dominating the automotive market in the recent years. The Japanese made vehicles are leading the automotive market because of various reasons. The first reason is attributed to the increase in oil prices in the begging of the 1980s.With oil prices going up, people could not afford American made cars anymore as they are known to spend a lot of gas, thus making them economically inefficient. That being one of the main reasons, people turned to Japanese made cars as they are smaller and have fuel efficient engines. White states that the share of the Canadian market supplied by Japanese imports jumped from 6. 6 percent in 1979, the lowest it had been in a decade, to 22. 9 percent in 1982. (2007, p. 89) As we can see the Japanese auto makers were taking big steps in the automotive industry.The recession of the 1980s and the increase in oil prices is what mainly contributed for the turn of events in the favour of the Japanese auto makers. The Canadian government ready to protect the country from the recession of the 1980s put in place policies that required â€Å"motor vehicle manufactures selling significant numbers of vehicles in Canada to invest in Canadian production facilities. † (White, 2007, p. 90). The Japanese auto makers responded to the call of the Canadian government and invested in creating auto plants in Canada.Once again the southern part of Canada profited from this as the plants were located around south central Ontario. The Japanese auto makers had other advantages that the American auto makers did not have at the time. The Japanese had a non unionized work force which worked for lower wages and tougher conditions. More than half of the workforce was made up of young people therefore they did not ask for much other than to be able to support their families. With the share of the Japanese auto makers rising, the American automakers market started dropping rapidly.Another good reason for the Japanese to invest in Canada was the desire to gain free access to the American auto market through the creation of the FTA. Another very important reason why the Japanese cars have a high market share in Canada is because they are responding to the concerns of the general public and especially those of environmental issues. The Japanese auto makers pay attention to the new trends and the problems that face the public at large. They are very flexible and are able to respond to public concerns quickly. They have shown this by producing eco friendly cars such as the Toyota pirus and the hybrid camrys.Lately environmental concerns have become a major issue and these concerns are related to the use of cars as the toxins that they release pollute the air that we breathe. Most environmental damage is caused by driving, therefore big auto makers are asked to change their production practices and produce environmentally friendly cars. Japanese auto makers such as Toyota have answered this call and they have come out with the Toyota hybrid car. A good example of an environmentally friendly car that has swept the market is the Toyota prius that is gasoline electric hybrid.These types of cars use two types of energy sources, gasoline and electricity. The hybrid is a dream come true for the environmentalists as it is as fast as any other car out there and it does not pollute the environment. The automobile technology has changed and as we are shifting towards eco friendly cars the American auto makers are trying to keep up. â€Å"GM cancelled production on its Hummer H1 and ford cancelled production on its Excursion SUV† (Automobile Industry Introduction, 2010) They are also trying to outperform the Japanese auto makers and move towards newer trends such as the plug in rechargeable cars. GM is working towards a gasoline- powered generator capable of charging up the batteries for those occasions when it is not convenient to plug in†. (Automobile Industry Introduction, 2010) As we can see the auto industry has come a long way since the 1920s and it is moving towards newer better trends. It is my personal opinion that the leading auto makers will be those companies that are able to understand and respond to the public’s needs and concerns.In conclusion to this essay it is important to note that the automotive industry in has had an enormous economic impact in Canada and especially on the southern provinces. Created by the big American auto makers, the assembly plants in Canada have raised employment levels and have kept a steady lively hood for Canadians. They have also contributed to a change in Canadian industries such as the agriculture industry, by making farming easier and more efficient. The auto industry in Canada did however create a regional economic imbalance between the provinces in Canada.Ontario is the southern province that has enormously benefited from the auto industry as it is located closer to the parent companies. The location makes manufacturing and exporting of the auto parts easier for both countries. Trade agreements such as the auto pact and the North American Free Trade agreement implemented in 1994 between the United States, Mexico and Canada have also increased employment levels in Canada and maintained a steady economic balance by removing tariffs on importing and exporting goods between the three countries.During the 1980s we saw a major shift from the American auto makers to the Japanese producers of cars. This shift was mainly due to increasing oil prices and the ability of the Japanese to provide more affordable and fuel efficient cars. The global economic meltdown also contributed to the downturn of the American auto makers. With the Americans not being able to meet consumer needs, the general public turned towards the Asian auto makers. The Japanese saw a great opportunity and benefited from this shift.They were able to respond to public concerns regarding eco friendly cars and put in place the production of hybrid cars. These cars have swept the general North American market as they seem to be the perfect solutions for people that cannot afford to spend a lot on fuel and also at the same time want to be environmentally friendly. The Canadian auto industry has had its ups and downs but in general it can be said that it has been a great contribution to the Canadian economy by changing the lives of Canadians and by keeping a steady employment rate.